30,624 research outputs found
Carbon market and climate negotiations.
In the wake of the Copenhagen Conference and the outstanding issue of shaping climate change mitigation for the period beyond that covered by the Kyoto protocol, this paper puts into context the various economic instruments available fot tackling climate change, and highlights the emergence, as a result of the framework of instruments provided by the Kyoto protocol, of carbon markets, (...)Economic instruments; Climate change; CO2; Carbon markets; Post-Kyoto;
Infrared Photometry and Dust Absorption in Highly Inclined Spiral Galaxies
We present JHK surface photometry of 15 highly inclined, late-type (Sab-Sc)
spirals and investigate the quantitative effects of dust extinction. Using the
(J - H, H - K) two-color diagram, we compare the color changes along the minor
axis of each galaxy to the predictions from different models of radiative
transfer. Models in which scattering effects are significant and those with
more than a small fraction of the light sources located near the edge of the
dust distribution do not produce enough extinction to explain the observed
color gradients across disk absorption features. The optical depth in dust near
the plane as deduced from the color excess depends sensitively on the adopted
dust geometry, ranging from tau = 4 to 15 in the visual band. This suggests
that a realistic model of the dust distribution is required, even for infrared
photometry, to correct for dust extinction in the bulges of nearly edge-on
systems.Comment: Accepted for publication in the March 1996 AJ. LaTex source which
generates 27 pages of text and tables (no figures). Complete (text + figs)
compressed Postscript preprint is also available at
ftp://bessel.mps.ohio-state.edu/pub/terndrup/inclined.ps.Z (854 Mbyte
Modifying Gravity at Low Redshift
We consider the growth of cosmological perturbations in modified gravity
models where a scalar field mediates a non-universal Yukawa force between
different matter species. The growth of the density contrast is altered for
scales below the Compton wave-length of the scalar field. As the universe
expands, the Compton wave-length varies in time in such a way that scales which
were outside the range of the scalar field force may feel it at a lower
redshift. In this case, both the exponent measuring the growth of Cold
Dark Matter perturbations and the slip function representing the ratio of the
two Newtonian potentials and may differ from their values in
General Relativity at low redshift.Comment: 27 pages, 5 figures; revised version, to appear in JCAP
Spatiotemporal correlations of earthquakes in the continuum limit of the one-dimensional Burridge-Knopoff model
Spatiotemporal correlations of the one-dimensional spring-block
(Burridge-Knopoff) model of earthquakes, either with or without the viscosity
term, are studied by means of numerical computer simulations. The continuum
limit of the model is examined by systematically investigating the model
properties with varying the block-size parameter a toward a\to 0. The Kelvin
viscosity term is introduced so that the model dynamics possesses a sensible
continuum limit. In the presence of the viscosity term, many of the properties
of the original discrete BK model are kept qualitatively unchanged even in the
continuum limit, although the size of minimum earthquake gets smaller as a gets
smaller. One notable exception is the existence/non-existence of the
doughnut-like quiescence prior to the mainshock. Although large events of the
original discrete BK model accompany seismic acceleration together with a
doughnut-like quiescence just before the mainshock, the spatial range of the
doughnut-like quiescence becomes narrower as a gets smaller, and in the
continuum limit, the doughnut-like quiescence might vanish altogether. The
doughnut-like quiescence observed in the discrete BK model is then a phenomenon
closely related to the short-length cut-off scale of the model
A bisphosphonate for F-19-magnetic resonance imaging
19F-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising technique that may allow us to measure the concentration of exogenous fluorinated imaging probes quantitatively in vivo. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterisation of a novel geminal bisphosphonate (19F-BP) that contains chemically-equivalent fluorine atoms that show a single and narrow 19F resonance and a bisphosphonate group that may be used for labelling inorganic materials based in calcium phosphates and metal oxides. The potential of 19F-BP to provide contrast was analysed in vitro and in vivo using 19F-MRI. In vitro studies demonstrated the potential of 19F-BP as an MRI contrast agent in the millimolar concentration range with signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) comparable to previously reported fluorinated probes. The preliminary in vivo MRI study reported here allowed us to visualise the biodistribution of 19F-BP, showing uptake in the liver and in the bladder/urinary system areas. However, bone uptake was not observed. In addition, 19F-BP showed undesirable toxicity effects in mice that prevent further studies with this compound at the required concentrations for MRI contrast. This study highlights the importance of developing 19F MRI probes with the highest signal intensity achievable
Behavior of the Dripping Faucet over a Wide Range of the Flow Rate
The time interval of successive water-drips from a faucet was examined over a
wide range of the flow rate. The dripping interval alternately exhibits a
stable state and a chaotic state as the flow rate increases. In the stable
state, the volume of the drip is kept constant at fixed flow rates, and the
constant volume increases with the flow rate. In the chaotic state, in addition
to a mechanics that the drip is torn by its own weight, the vibration of the
drip on the faucet takes part in the strange behavior of the interval.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, to be published in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn vol
68-2(1999
Simulation study of the two-dimensional Burridge-Knopoff model of earthquakes
Spatiotemporal correlations of the two-dimensional spring-block
(Burridge-Knopoff) model of earthquakes are extensively studied by means of
numerical computer simulations. The model is found to exhibit either
``subcritical'' or ``supercritical'' behavior, depending on the values of the
model parameters. Transition between these regimes is either continuous or
discontinuous. Seismic events in the ``subcritical'' regime and those in the
``supercritical'' regime at larger magnitudes exhibit universal scaling
properties. In the ``supercritical'' regime, eminent spatiotemporal
correlations, {\it e.g.}, remarkable growth of seismic activity preceding the
mainshock, arise in earthquake occurrence, whereas such spatiotemporal
correlations are significantly suppressed in the ``subcritical'' regime.
Seismic activity is generically suppressed just before the mainshock in a close
vicinity of the epicenter of the upcoming event while it remains to be active
in the surroundings (the Mogi doughnut). It is also observed that, before and
after the mainshock, the apparent -value of the magnitude distribution
decreases or increases in the ``supercritical'' or ``subcritical'' regimes,
respectively. Such distinct precursory phenomena may open a way to the
prediction of the upcoming large event
Long Range Anticorrelations and Non-Gaussian Behavior of a Leaky Faucet
We find that intervals between successive drops from a leaky faucet display
scale-invariant, long-range anticorrelations characterized by the same
exponents of heart beat-to-beat intervals of healthy subjects. This behavior is
also confirmed by numerical simulations on lattice and it is faucet-width- and
flow-rate-independent. The histogram for the drop intervals is also well
described by a L\'evy distribution with the same index for both histograms of
healthy and diseased subjects. This additional result corroborates the evidence
for similarities between leaky faucets and healthy hearts underlying dynamics.Comment: Self-extracting uuencoded postscript file. Phys.Rev.E (Rap.Comm.).
Related papers can be found at http://www.if.uff.br/~tjpp/tjppe.htm
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